Open Systems Interconnection model

Open Systems Interconnection model Introduction The international organisation for standardization ISO, in its bid to streamline and regulate the networking sector, introduced the OSI labelling techniques. The OSI layer labelling operates as a guide post to provide a universally accepted framework for implementing networking protocols. (Hallbarg 2001)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Open Systems Interconnection model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More OSI layers The OSI are divided into seven layers labelled in integers from 1 to 7. The layers are arranged in a stratum whereby layer 7 is in the top and the bottom layer is 1. Physical layer This layer determines the electrical and physical stipulation for the devices. This layer plays a significant role of specifying the connection between the device and the medium of transmission. The physical layer is focused in the reception of signals through the physical medium. It defines the transmission techniqu e and the medium through which these techniques are conducted. Data link layer This layer is relegated into two sub groups, in this layer; the data transmitted is essentially assigned specific and appropriate physical property. The transmission is done through wireless routers e.g. the 802.11 Wi-Fi these physical properties would include such features like the medium of transfer. This layer is also responsible in the delimitation of the network type and the packet sequencing procedure of the network. It uses DCA and LAC protocol Network layer This is the third layer in the series. The network layer determines the manner in which data is sent to other devices. The determination of router tangents and the recipient address. This layer is classified into three sub layers depending on the logical schemes of apportioning addresses. It employs the use of MPLS switching component with ICM,IGM and IGR protocols. (Hallbarg 2001) Transport layer The fourth layer acts as the main conducting ve ssel of data. It provides an avenue for establishing errors and debugging these errors. It sustains the movement and flow of data between the devices. Its main component is the DNS systemAdvertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The layer effectively decides the path-physical that the data takes through the existing media. Under the transport layer, the TC and the UD protocols exist. Session layer The fifth layer in the OSI series is the session layer. The layer is responsible for the regulation of the communication between the interconnected computers. Its primary functions have been listed to be Creation/establishment of connection between computers Management of the already established communication between the remote and the local computers Ending the communication between the computers. The main component in the session is SOCKets. (Hallbarg 2001) Presentation layer It is the sixth l ayer in the series. It is referred to as the presentation layer due to its ability to deliver data from the session layer and present it to application layer into a favourable format that can easily be decoded. It essentially has a primary role of transmutes data into a form that is acceptable to the application. The core protocols include JPEG, ASCII, EBCDIC and TIFF. (Hallbarg 2001) Application This is the window interface where end users interact with the application. It is very important in the synchronisation of the existing communication. Through this layer, various processes like messaging, remote access to computer files, network management and resource sharing.It uses FTAM , HTT, CMI, FT and SMT protocols. (Hallbarg 2001) Reference Hallberg, B. A. (2001). Networking a beginners guide (2nd ed.). New York: Osborne/McGraw-Hill. Print

Between vs. In Between

Between vs. In Between Between vs. In Between Between vs. In Between By Maeve Maddox A reader wants to know how between and in between differ in usage: Please explain the usage of the term â€Å"in between.† It’s been many years since I heard anyone say this. I always thought it was unnecessary to combine the words â€Å"in† and â€Å"between†. What’s the difference if you say that one thing is between another thing as opposed to saying that it’s â€Å"in between†? When between functions as a preposition, placing in before it is nonstandard usage. The following headlines, for example, are incorrect: Incorrect: Woman dies walking in between subway cars Correct : Woman dies walking between subway cars Incorrect: You dont need to enter spaces in-between the numbers/letters. Correct : You dont need to enter spaces between the numbers/letters. Incorrect: How Many Hurdles are In Between a Thief and Your Phone Data? Correct : How Many Hurdles are Between a Thief and Your Phone Data? The addition of in is acceptable when the phrase â€Å"in between† functions as a noun or an adjective. 1. In-between as noun Josie feels like an in-between, trapped between her family’s Italian culture and the Australian culture of her peers. (noun meaning, â€Å"a person who doesn’t belong in either of two groups†) Many times, parents feel like the only choice is to have [the baby] fall asleep in your arms or cry it out, but there really is an in-between. (noun meaning, â€Å"an alternative that lies between two extremes†) 2. In-between as adjective An â€Å"in-between  hop† is a baseball term that indicates a bounced baseball that reaches an infielder at the midpoint of its upward bounce. (adjective describing hop) College students on holiday face  an in-between world.  (adjective describing world) Bottom line: When using between as a preposition, don’t preface it with in. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Words with More Than One SpellingStory Writing 101Inspiring vs. Inspirational

Sphere of Business Activity at Google by Jessica E. Vascellaro Literature review

Sphere of Business Activity at Google by Jessica E. Vascellaro - Literature review Example Having this type of partnership with Emmis was thought that the online-advertising brainpower would make a change into the old-fashioned way of people performing business. Chad and Ryan Steelberg were teamed up with Google and Chad, in 2006, thought that because they had a technology for transmitting, scheduling, and tracking radio ads, they were going to conquer the radio. This, however, was not the case. Google pulled the plug on the multibillion-dollar business of off-line ad sales. Google misjudged the capacity of doing business without the human touch. Radio stations did not want to delve into performing business with set prices that were lower than their own prices and advertisers steered away from this endeavor. This does not mean that Google was a failure. It meant that it failed in this venture. Google, according to Vascellaro (2009), sells approximately one-third of all online ads in the U.S., by dollar amount. The radio venture was a small venture since they wanted to extend themselves to developing a successful model for selling ads linked to Internet searches through traditional media: print and television. It also retrieved from the newspaper ad-sales. It remains with the traditional media effort to sell television ads. Google claimed that they had "devoted substantial resources" to developing the radio and print ads but the impact was not as expected. Google Chief Executive Eric Schmidt stated that the efforts failed because Google did not come up w ith a good way to measure listener response. He stated that although the math was performed well on the computer, the sound had very little to desire. Some of the customers did not like the fact that Google had its limitations, such as not being able to track down if the ads were driving sales. The Steelberg brothers did not measure up with Google's engineer-heavy corporate culture. Google and DMarc did not agree upon using the human touch element. This was a terrible decision from Google's part. When humans are involved, automation does not necessarily fit the spectrum to approach and service the customers. Google erred in both instances, in the strategy formulation and the strategy implementation. Had Google delved into using the human element and approached the prospective customers using a personalized approach, different would have been the results. This would have resulted in a new approach of seeking customers by using technology and the human touch.

Core Needs Addressed and Bases of Market Segmentation Essay - 16

Core Needs Addressed and Bases of Market Segmentation - Essay Example Examining the case of Lane Bryant, it is ostensible that the company is seeking to meet the basic need for clothing with their introduction of a’ new activewear line’. The workout-wear branded as Livi Active is a product that seeks to meet the clothing desires and demands of women while participating in the gym exercises or as they leave. Availing it in sizes that fit a higher percentage of its target customers has ensured this demand is met (Mahoney, 2015). This base of segmentation considers the demographic variables including age, size, education, religion, gender among others (Blythe, 2008). Considering the case of Lane Bryant’s new product, Livi Active has been initiated with clear conscious about certain variables. Gender, age and body size are the primary aspects that have been examined extensively. The product seeks to meet the demand of ladies and not any other gender. Also, the gap in terms of body sizes has been thought through before coming up with a product that suits size 12. This has been generated from the information and statistics available. Consequently, the psychological influence that drives people into having needs and wants have been considered. In this case, lifestyle is the core aspect that has informed the development of this product. In the plus-size women desire to look sharp and this makes them develop a strong need for gym wears that are designed with colors that can attract them. The bright colors are apparently the best for this. The company’s new product targets plus-size women whose body size are above size 12. The new product is to be designed brightly and fashionably for the large-bodied customers who, in the past, have not had the chance to receive such stylish clothes. Unlike the traditional system where  Lane Bryant only stylishly designed wears for medium and small size customers, the new product will incorporate the large sizes to enjoy the same.  

Bahamian Society Essay Example for Free

Bahamian Society Essay Issues That Arise In Bahamian Society When Educated Bahamians Decide To Live In Other Countries The Bahamas is in danger of being overtaken by foreigners. Although this statement is fallacious in context, many Bahamians today would not necessarily disagree with it. That, inevitably though, is a situation that the Bahamas can be faced with if educated Bahamians continue to migrate to other countries at a high rate. This migration, better known by the term ‘Brain Drain,’ is and will always be a part of society where educated people leave their native developing countries and seek out more wealthy, opportunistic countries. As noted in the article Reassessing the Impacts of Brain Drain on Developing Countries, â€Å"nearly one in 10 tertiary-educated adults born in the developing world — between a third and half of the developing worlds science and technology personnel — now live in the developed world† (Sriskandarajah). Although the idea of moving to a more wealthy country can be beneficial to the Bahamians that are migrating personally, there are some problems that can arise in the Bahamian society as a result of this. When educated Bahamians decide to live in countries outside the Bahamas, it can hamper development in the country, effect family relationships, and can leave the country vulnerable to foreign manipulation. Educated Bahamians are needed in the Bahamas to further develop the country innovatively. If these Bahamians decide to migrate to other countries, then there could grow to be a great discrepancy in the overall progress of development in the Bahamas because of their absence in the labour force. According to Simon in the article, Bring Home Bahamian Talent, getting access to those skilled Bahamians living abroad and their resourcefulness is crucial to the National Development of the Bahamas (par 3). The Bahamas cannot continue to primarily focus on tourism as its major contributor to the economy when the amount of competition present in the Caribbean continues to grow and major tourism contributing countries such as the United States of America are still recovering from a drastic recession. Komolafe affirms that, â€Å"We must expand our industries to provide job and entrepreneurship opportunities for Bahamians outside of tourism and financial services, which are heavily dependent upon the stability and prosperity of the U.S., E.U. and Canadian economies† (Par 9). This is one of the reasons why Intelligent Bahamians with an entrepreneurship mindset are needed in the Bahamas. In the article, The Bahamian Business Structure: A New Look at our Economy, it states that â€Å"this country (the Bahamas) already has a long history of entrepreneurship and capital formation† (Coulson). Bahamians with this entrepreneurship mentality and drive are the leaders that the Bahamas must retain and motivate to create new business ventures and develop more innovative opportunities for themselves as well as for other Bahamians to find meaningful employment. Family relationships are also affected when educated Bahamians leave their native country and migrate to other countries. Communication is a key factor when dealing with this situation. A household can be greatly affected when, for instance, a parent migrates to another country seeking employment, and leaves their husband/wife in the Bahamas to be a single parent. Even though there might be constant verbal communication between the migrated parent and his/her family, if the overseas job becomes demanding time wise, their absence will be felt in the home and can put an emotional strain on the relationship of the family. That lack of a proper family structure and guidance can also affect the children as they can become susceptible to the influence of society and their peers. This correlation is important because when children become exposed to the realities of society such as violence and peer pressure that is where some can fall astray. Juvenile delinquency is becoming an increasingly serious social ill in the Bahamas whereas, for instance the article, Jveniles Accused of Crimes Jumped 79% in 09, notes that â€Å"The number of juveniles accused of committing crimes in 2009 increased dramatically by almost 80 percent compared to 2008, according to Acting Director of Rehabilitative and Welfare Services Quintin Gray.† Another issue that can be caused by the absence of educated Bahamians in the Bahamas is that it can create an opportunity for foreigners to stream into the Bahamas. This can become a situation that foreign countries seeking to make bonds and gain ties with the Bahamas and its government can take advantage of. Although this idea does not seem detrimental on the surface, the implications of it can lead to corruption and foreign manipulation in the Bahamas. With foreign direct investment on the rise year after year, â€Å"inflows to the Bahamian economy increased by 48.7 per cent to $977 million during 2010,† the Government must realize that such a heavy reliance on foreign influences increases the vulnerability of the Bahamas (Hartnell). Many major tourism projects such as Baha Mar and the new Thomas A. Robinson stadium are being heavily funded by foreign investments which at some point in time must be compensated for by the government. As quoted in the article, Bahamas ‘Polarised By A Dual Economy’, These foreign policies have created a dual economy: foreign economy and the Bahamian economy, where the former is dominant and rising, and the latter is subordinate and sinking† (Hartnell). With the government in full support of foreign direct investment the advantages of being a foreigner in the Bahamian marketplace seems to outweigh that of being a local Bahamian looking to enter and prosper in this marketplace. In conclusion, in order to reduce the chances of these problems caused in the Bahamian Society when educated Bahamians migrate to other countries, the Bahamian government must find a solution that would encourage educated Bahamians to want to stay in the Bahamas and assist with the economic growth of the country. Also, these intelligent Bahamians who have and will eventually leave the Bahamas and migrate to another country should understand that the Bahamas does have the opportunities available to support their creative ideas and The Bahamas, being one of the richest independent countries in the Caribbean, is a place where they can find prosperity and a satisfactory place for employment. The Bahamas is considered a part of the ‘Developing world’ for a reason, it is still in the process of growth and finding its identity in the global marketplace, thus requiring those locals that are highly educated and trained to produce for their country and take the leadership role. Works Cited â€Å"Bring Home Bahamian Talent.† Bahama Pundit. 9 Nov. 2010. 14 Feb. 2012 http://www.bahamapundit.com/2010/11/bring-home-bahamian-talent.html#more Coulson Richard. â€Å"The Bahamian Business Structure: A New Look at our Economy.† The Nassau Institute. 12 July. 2003. 17 Feb. 2012 http://www.nassauinstitute.org/articles/article370.php Hartnell Neil â€Å"Bahamas polarised by a dual economy.† The Tribune. 8 Oct. 2009. 15 Feb. 2012 http://www.tribune242.com/10082009_Invest_business_Page1-4 Hartnell Neil. â€Å"Foreign Investment Rises 49% To $977M.† The Tribune. 28 July. 2011. 15 Feb. 2012 http://www.tribune242.com/business/07282011_Invest_business_Page1-2 â€Å"Juveniles accused of crimes jumped 79% in 09.† 6 May. 2010. 19 Feb. 2012 http://www.bahamaslocal.com/newsitem/1839/Juveniles_accused_of_crimes_jumped_79_in_09.html Komolafe Arinthia. â€Å"The Bahamian Dream Pt.1.† The Nassau Guardian. 20 Jan. 2012. 15 Feb 2012 http://www.thenassauguardian.com/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=22023:the-bahamian-dream-pt1catid=49:op-edItemid=86 Sriskandarajah Dhananjayan. â€Å"Reassessing the Impacts of Brain Drain on Developing Countries.† Migration Information Source. Aug. 2005. 17 Feb. 2012 http://www.migrationinformation.org/Feature/display.cfm?ID=324

A Titanic Experience Online :: History Movies Essays

A Titanic Experience Online Throughout all of the years I had attended school I had heard the word "Titanic" probably only five times. All I knew of this ship was that it sank and many people died. That was literally the extent of my knowledge about this ship. One day a friend of mine, who does a little work on movies once in a while, told me about this new movie they were making called "Titanic". He brought in some pictures of the huge set that was built. I looked at the pictures and listened to him talk about how grandiose the ship set was. At the time I was wondering how they could possibly make an interesting movie about a ship that hit an iceberg and sank. I kept thinking more along the lines of a documentary sort of film. Nothing sounded really interesting to me. About a year after I had heard about this movie, I saw the first movie preview. To my surprise it was a love story as well as the story of the tragedy. The story attracted me so much that I wanted to see the movie the first day it came out. The day finally came and I took, or should I say dragged, my boyfriend to see it with me. From the second it started I was completely mesmerized by the movie. The music, the characters, the set, it was all so wonderful. There was a point in the movie that I was crying and I even forgot that my boyfriend was there with me. He turned to me and asked me why I was crying. I simply turned to him and said, "Shhhh!!". I didn't want him to ruin the mood. As we walked out of the theater I found myself to be a little depressed. The sadness of the tragedy was still on my mind. The next day I woke up and as I lay in bed the feeling of sadness had not gone away. It was from that moment on that this tragic event in history really came to be a part of my life. Of course the movie brought out a wave of Titanic-related videos, magazines, articles, etc. People everywhere were talking about "Titanic". I, myself became very interested in learning more and more about the actual ship, the passengers-- PASSENGER LIST --aboard the ship, and the tragic event that occurred.

Teachers needs self-confidence to plan and implement

IntroductionThe words of the General Teaching Council ( GTC ) statement that â€Å" instructors inspire and lead immature people, assisting them achieve their possible as fulfilled persons and productive members of society † highlight the importance of instructors in today ‘s society and stress that instruction is a demanding profession. This mission statement is reinforced by the Professional Standards for Teachers which outline â€Å" properties, cognition, understanding and accomplishments required of instructors at each calling phase † . Both apprehension of theory and practical experience are required to heighten a instructors ‘ development. Different theories and doctrines have been used to explicate the patterned advance to going a ‘good instructor ‘ and I aim to analyze the mode in which these theories have contributed towards my ain professional development whilst critically analyzing different doctrines.ProfessionalismIn my position, a professional instructor requires both self-confidence and humbleness. A instructor needs assurance to program and implement undertakings whilst being undeterred by troubles and humbleness to avoid assurance going haughtiness. The comprehension of professionalism is supported by Hoyle ( 1995 ) , that professionalism can be understood by cognition, liberty, and duty. A profession should establish its pattern on specializer cognition which is beyond the range of laic people. This cognition should be both theoretical in the signifier of scrutinies and practical in t he signifier of experience. Autonomy follows the rule that every category is different as is every kid and the instructor should utilize their better opinion to move in the best involvements of their students. Duty is the reciprocal of liberty. The freedom of liberty must be expressed responsibly. A more in-depth analysis has been researched sing the key attributes which are associated with professionalism by Hoyle. Hoyle ( 1980 ) distinguished between restricted professionals and drawn-out professionals. Restricted professionals have their focal point in the schoolroom with the precedences being learning methods, their ain didactic behavior, and capable affair. The drawn-out professionals nevertheless are concerned with professional coaction and turn up their schoolroom instruction in a broader educational context. They besides aim at working as members of a school squad.REFLECTIVE PRACTITIONEROther than merely using professionalism in the transporting out of responsibilities, a instructor should be one who at regular intervals, looks back at the work they have done, and the work procedure, and considers how it can be improved by reflecting on the work that has been done and the jobs encountered in the class of making it. The construct of brooding pattern can be described as a critical procedure in heightening one ‘s field or subject harmonizing to Donald Schon ( 1996 ) . Brooding pattern is a manner for novices to recognize the nexus between â€Å" their ain single pattern and those of successful practicians † . Using this construct it allows for thoughtful consideration into 1 ‘s ain experiences and using cognition to pattern whilst being guided by professionals. Hopkins and Antes ( 1990 ) show a similar position that brooding pattern can be classified in footings of action research. Action research, in bend, is defined as a tool of course of study development dwelling of uninterrupted feedback that targets specific jobs in a peculiar school puting. As such, it has become a standard construct in teacher instruction plans. The instructor pedagogue as research worker and function theoretical account encourages pupils to set theories they have learnt into pattern in their schoolrooms. A parallel attack indicates that portfolio development has become a favorite tool used in pre-service instructor instruction ( Antonek, et Al, 1997 ; Hurst et Al, 1998 ) . Portfolios encourage inexperienced instructors to garner important stuffs culled in the class of their professional development to document their competences. Portfolios include a brooding constituent, for when the instructor decides which stuffs to include, they have ascertained which learning patterns worked good and why ( Hurst et a, 1998 ) . The portfolios can and should be modified at points throughout a instructor ‘s calling, as the instructor continues to use larning to practical instruction, a process which is the trademark of a brooding practician. The above theories are similar in that they focus on either pre-service or novices in a subject and lineation that contemplation is used to derive cognition and to get the better of failings. These attacks are summarised by educational theoretician and psychologist Jerome Bruner ( 1987 ) when he stated that â€Å" ego is a perpetually rewritten narrative † .PRE-BLOCK ExperienceIn the broadest sense, a instructor can be defined as person who non merely teaches or imparts cognition, but is besides and possibly most significantly, person responsible for determining the heads and attitudes of all those whom they teach. A A instructor has the power to exert a strong influence over theirA students. When coupled with certain definite accomplishments, a good instructor has the potency to hold a womb-to-tomb impact on the pupils. An effectual instructor of mathematics continues to look into new mathematical cognition and effectual instruction schemes. An effectual mathematics instructor wants to eliminate the fright and anxiousness that mathematics represents to many pupils. As stated in the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics ( NCTM ) Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for school mathematics ( NCTM, 1989 ) , an effectual mathematics instructor will be able to actuate all pupils to larn mathematics. My doctrine about what constitutes an effectual mathematics instructor may outdo be illustrated by an illustration which came to my attending detecting a freshly qualified mathematics instructor. The mathematics instructor was portraying fractions in a manner easy comprehendible by the bulk of the category with assorted appraisal techniques used to guarantee the students understood. However, one student failed to hold on the subject and non unnaturally struggled to reply the inquiries. As the instructor ‘s attending was occupied by the remainder of the category, this one student was unable to continue with the inquiries. At the terminal of the lesson as the instructor had non watched over the category for any students that struggled, the student left the category still uncomprehending and uninterested in the subject. The instructor was unable to assist the kid as he had omitted to watch for students in trouble and this runs counter to the doctrine that every kid is of import. I n this peculiar case the instructor lacked the experience to detect the troubles that the student was confronting. My class experiences have allowed me to associate to the constructs of contemplation, in peculiar the dimensions of brooding pattern ( Zwozdiak-Myers, 2006? ) . The dimensions of brooding pattern relate to the thoughts in which instructor ‘s reflect, better and test new thoughts. This so allows for instructor ‘s to be able to see the types of techniques which were successful and unsuccessful in the schoolroom. The nine dimensions each have a cardinal facet in which to near contemplation and this proves to be a cardinal theory in building my doctrine about the function of a instructor. John Dewey ( 1933 ) observed that brooding thought is called for when people recognize that some jobs can non be solved with certainty. Pulling from this observation, King and Kitchener ( 1994 ) chose the term â€Å" brooding judgement † to depict the sort of epistemological knowledge that includes the acknowledgment that existent uncertainness exists about some issues. These theories have re-constructed my doctrine in the fact that the profession of instruction is non ‘black and white ‘ . There are jobs where there is no perfect solution ; nevertheless it is up to the opinion of the instructor to react in the involvement of the pupils. Lawrence Stenhouse ( 1975 ) explores the construct of a instructor as a research worker, which takes a different attack from the old theories. It encourages instructors to set theories they have learnt into pattern in their schoolroom. This has re-constructed my beliefs of what constitutes a instructor of mathematics as research is an imperative factor in instruction.DecisionResearch on effectual instruction over the past two decennaries has shown that effectual pattern is linked to inquiry, contemplation, and uninterrupted professional growing ( Harris 1998 ) . Brooding pattern can be a good signifier of professional development at both the pre-service and in-service degrees of learning. By deriving a better apprehension of their ain single instruction manners through brooding pattern, instructors can better their effectivity in the schoolroom. The instructor ‘s function has now changed from the traditional image of a didactic lector ordering an indigestible measure of facts to a schoolroom of students who solemnly inscribe the words and later larn them by bosom to regurgitate them in the signifier of an essay in response to a inquiry on a termly or annual scrutiny paper. These alterations are due to a new position being taken on course of study, teaching method and the organisation of learning and larning, every bit good as alterations caused by wide socio-political tendencies in the society ( Hoyle, 1974 ) . The instructor ‘s liberty, control and professionalism ( Hoyle, 1974, Pollard et.al.1994 ) are no longer beyond difference both in the schoolroom and in society as a whole. As a consequence, the instructor ‘s duties are no longer limited to the schoolroom but scope more widely than hitherto. A modern instructor must now get a broad scope of cognition and accomplishments to get by with the new demands of their increasing duties. A instructor must therefore develop professionally so that enhanced cognition and accomplishments from the procedure of development can be put into pattern both in the schoolroom and outside to profit their students which constitutes an drawn-out professional.

What Does It Take to be Good Parents? Essay

Good morning ladies and gentlemen. I am Chong Cia Ling, the founder of Brainy Montessori. I am so grateful to have such an honour standing here to deliver my speech entitled â€Å"What does it take to be good parents?†. I am sure all the parents here will agree with me that being parents is tough. Bringing up children is a very difficult task. Everyone wishes to be good parents. However, sometimes we could be so discouraged and helpless when we get the feedback that we are not good parents although we have done our upmost to provide the best for our children. What is the cause of that? Today, let us learn how to be good parents together. A parent is said to be a good parent only after seeing how he has brought up his children. They should bring up the children in a very good discipline. However, we need to bear in mind that discipline does not mean that they have to punish their children for every wrong doing. Recently there is a famous video of a Texas judge hitting his teena ge daughter repeatedly with a belt. This father justified his actions as â€Å"discipline.† I beg to differ. According to the video, the father is not disciplining his daughter. He is engaging in an act of punishment intent on hurting, humiliating and controlling her! Well, it is common that children do mistakes. Yet, what a good parent must do is he has to teach him how to differentiate what is good and what is bad. We need to understand that giving punishment especially physical punishment will not help children in a way instead it will create new problems. Indeed, it hurts. For instance, children will become rebellious as they have already got used to the corporal punishment. Eventually, they will develop hatred towards their parents. Deborah Sendek (2011) also claims that physical punishment is ineffective in parenting. It can easily escalate and cross the line to abuse and serious injury, particularly when an instrument is used. Children become emotionally alienated from parent who hits them frequently. Research also shows that physical punishment makes it more likely that children will be defiant and aggressive in the future. These research findings have been endorsed by many prominent organizations, including the American Academy of Pediatrics, the American Medical Association, Voices for America’s Children, the National PTA, and the International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect that advocate against corporal punishment. We cannot deny that children need guidance and discipline but what works? Effective  discipline helps a child to develop self-control by teaching, guiding, modeling and explaining what is wrong and what to do instead. Effective discipline starts with our attitudes about children and their behaviour. Redirection, discipline or punishment must include an explanation of why a behavior is unacceptable and what behavior is expected. Many times a child’s misbehavior is a mistake in judgment. In contrast, we hope our own mistakes serve a s learning opportunities. We need to apply this same rule to children. We must curb our anger and allow time to think about what we want to teach. Positive and proactive discipline strategies work from toddlers to teenagers. In today’s society, parents always have no time for children and thus, they hire maids to take care of children and give them what they want. In this way, parents feel that they have fulfilled their duty but it is not true! According to Duncan, making a child feel cherished is the single most important quality of an effective parent. It is also proved that in child development, kids who feel loved and cherished thrive. Duncan recommends spending time with your children doing what she wants to do. Every child needs to feel a sense of love and parents must love wisely. For example, play your child favourite game and read together. Besides, parents should be like friends to their children. They have to discuss everything and spend quality time with children. Only if then, children can feel the parental love. When children go to school they will see so many others’ parents. They should not a get a feeling that their parents are not taking care of them as his friend’s. Eventually, they will feel rejected and low self-esteem. In this case, parents must be very careful. However, we as parents need to note that every child is unique so it takes a different approach for that child to feel seen and loved. The hard work for us as parents is accepting who our child is and cherishing her for being that person, even while guiding behaviour. Parents need to use a positive lens and celebrate every step in the right direction. One of the ways is to show affection through warm words and physical touch. You will have no idea how a gentle cuddle, a little encouragement, appreciation, approval or even a smile can go a long way to boost the confidence and well-being of your children. For instance, when you must correct a child, do it in love. It can avoid criticism and blaming. It is important to avoid using negative vocabulary like â€Å"bad† because your child may internalize the label, thinking she is unacceptable  instead of just the behaviour. When you love your child wisely, she will learn and love you back. When your child fail the test, analyse the reasons of failing the test with her, encourage her to try harder next time instead of scolding, blaming and hitting. Good parenting is much more than just teaching your children right and wrong, good or bad. It is also about ‘respect’. I am not talking about your children necessarily respecting you. It is about you having respect for them, particularly for their privacy. Always bear in mind that children also have human right. Give them a chance to voice their opinions, listen to their suggestions and give them some freedom. In fact, parents need to respect children’s privacy as you would want them to respect yours. For example, if you teach your child that your room is out of boundaries to them, respect the same with their room. Allow to feel that once they enter their room they can know that no one will look through their drawers or read their diary. By respecting your children, they will be more open and respect you. As children hit adolescence they invariably begin to separate from their parents as a natural part of growing up. Ironically, it is also a time when parents have concerns about their son or daughter’s safety as they venture out more into the world on their own. Undeniably, this is quite a difficult time for most parents. It is a time of change, a time of testing. On one hand you are frustrated because your child is not as close as they once were and you keep pushing and pushing to know more about what going on in their life. You cannot be close, yet you need to be close to keep them safe. Balancing your desire to know all the details with your children’s right for privacy and the respect implied when you acknowledge that right, is a very tricky feat to accomplish indeed. However, it is a balancing act that is well worth the effort, especially for those of you who want to be the best parents that you ca n be. Thus, parents need to bear in mind not to be nosy parents. Do not dig around your teenager’s belongings. Never try to listen in conversations and avoid trying to keep children away from friends or activities out of spite to try to keep them safe. Of course as parents we have to be cautious and watchful but we must use common sense also and give them room to grow, the last thing we want to do is drive our children away from us. Remember what is like for a young boy or girl to be entering that stage in life where new feelings and experiences are happening to them on a daily occurrence. On the other hands, good  parents must be flexible. Having standards does not mean you are rigid. As your child grows from infant to toddler to teen, her needs change along with her body. Kids Health reports that parents should not compare one child to another. Parents nowadays tend to compare their children’s behaviour or progress with other children of the same age. Indeed, they are causing stress for themselves and their children. Comparing your children with others is an ultimately useless activity! I understand that it is hard to resist as we tend to assess our progress in any area of life by checking out how we compare with our peers. But come to think of it, when you were a child in school, you probably compared yourself to your schoolmates. Your teachers may not have graded you nut you knew who the smart kids were and were you ranked in the packing order. Now that you have kids of your own, do you still keep an eye on your peers? Do you use progress and behaviour of their kids as benchmarks to help you assess your own performance as well as your child’s progress? Children develop at different rates. There are early developers, slow bloomers and steady-as-you-go children in every group. So, comparing your child’s results or performance can be completely unrealistic. What does this mean to you? Focus on your child’s improvement and effort. Use your child’s results as the benchmark for his or her progress and development. You can tell your child like this:â€Å"Your spelling is better today than it was a few days ago† instead of getting frustrated at them for not able to score as well as other children. Encourage them to take a step at a time; they will grow up as a fine man one day. Parents, give your child some time. They need you in this learning journey. Besides, children have different talents, interests and strengths. Well, your eight years old child may not be able to ride a bicycle even though your neighbour’s child can. Avoid comparing the two as your child may not care about bicycle anyway. At this point of time, you as a parent should help your child to identify his or her own talents or interests and help them to be exceled in it. Recognize that his or her strengths and interests may be completely different to those of his peers or siblings. Sometimes parents can have unrealistic expectations for their children. We all have hopes and dreams for our kids, but they may not be i n line with their interests and talents. Thus, parents need to keep your expectations for success in line with their abilities and interests. If expectations are too high, kids will  give up. If they are too low, they will usually meet them! Parents should take pride in their children’s performance at school, sport or leisure activities. You should also celebrate their achievements and milestones, such as taking their first steps, scoring their first goal in a game or getting great marks at school. In addition, rules should shift to match the age, needs and development of your children. For instant, you might expect a child of two to throw temper tantrum but not a teen. An effective parent takes cues from her child, whether an infant’s cry or a teenager’s moods to know what will work best in a particular situation. So parents, stay tuned to your child’s evolving needs by keeping involved in her life. Furthermore, parents need to teach emotional intelligence to child. For instance, you teach your child to self-soothe. According to research, little ones do not learn to self-soothe by being left to cry. That just creates an over-active amygdala and panic response later in life. While soothing is a physiological process. For instance, when a baby cries and we soothe him, his body responds by sending out oxytocin and other soothing biochemicals. What you see is that he calms down and later he develops the ability to soothe himself when he is upset. Parents also can give them the message that their full range of feelings is understandable, even while their actions must be limited. Upmost, parents need to listen to them when they have feelings to express. Occasionally this will take the form of words, and it helps to give children kind words for their feelings: â€Å"You’re so mad!† but more often, children just need us to give them the safety of our loving presence while they cry or rage to vent their feelings. Often they will not be able to articulate what they are upset about, and it is not necessary. However, this helps children to learn to accept and process their emotions, so they can move past them rather than having to act on them. What does â€Å"acting out† mean? We act on our feelings rather than simply tolerating them as they sweep through us and dissipate. While you are teaching your child about emotional intelligence, you need to set as a good example too. If you are easily lose tempered, then you cannot blame of your children of throwing temper. They are learning from you! Sometime your emotional unstableness will affect the development of your child. Never argue with your spouse in front of the children. If they are sleeping, argue quietly. Modern divorce rates have children feeling insecure and fearful  when they hear parents bickering. Eventually, children will learn to argue with each other and become a hot tempered person. Show them that when people disagree, they can discuss their differences peacefully. Most of the children will get disappointed when their parents gave empty promise. There are so many cases whereby children do not even believe a single word that their parents said because the parents never put those promises in heart. Please imagine the feeling when someone that you trust and admire most always gives you a false hope. How you need to react? All of you are adults so you may know how to deal with it but hold on, how about our little children? They can be so disappointed, helpless, frustrated and even fall into depression! Some may even become rebellious as they thinking the parents are keep giving excuses of unable to fulfill the promises and never concern about their feelings. So, parents, you should do as what you have promised! Lastly, every parent should accept the truth that everyone is not perfect. Dr. Sears also reminds parents that it is fine to be imperfect as long as you set a good example most of the time. You may did some mistake in bringing up your child. It is not an unforgiving mistake. Learn the lesson and apologise to your child if it is necessary. All in all, in any case, even the most effective parents cannot genetic traits or the outside environment. Trust your instincts as parents but don’t confuse effective parenting with perfection. Practice showing love and flexibility towards yourself, as well as towards your children. Before I end my speech, I would like to wish all the parents the best in this journey of parenthood. Thank you for listening. References Deborah Sendek. (2011). Physical Punishment Doesn’t help, It Hurts. Retrieved from http://edition.cnn.com/2011/11/09/opinion/sendek-corporal punishment/index.html Don’t Compare Your Kids to Others. Retrieved from http://mums.bodyandsoul.com.au/pregnancy+parenting/parenting+tips/dont+compare+your+kids+to+others,9385 Respecting and Giving Kids Their Privacy. Retrieved from http://www.more4kids.info/632/respecting-kids-privacy/

Napoleon the Great Essays

Napoleon the Great Essays Napoleon the Great Essay Napoleon the Great Essay On August 15, 1769, a man by the name of Napoleon Bonaparte was the second of eight children born to Carlo Bonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino. Napoleon was born into Italian nobility in Ajaccio, Corsica, which one year before transferred its power to France by the Republic of Genoa. While such a birth might be so miniscule to so many during that age of time, the infant, known as Napoleon Bonaparte, would grow to be one of the most feared men and successful military leaders in all of Europe and shape European politics for the better part of the early 19th century. Growing up Napoleon and his family maintained minor Italian Nobility, with his father being an attorney and named Corsica’s representative to the Court of Louis XVI in 1777. His mother though, was the major influence during his childhood; she was able to maintain firm discipline allowing for her to restrain her rambunctious child. This strict upbringing and the nobility of his family provided Napoleon with bigger and better opportunities to study compared to the opportunities of the average Corsican of that time. Due to his family’s ability to provide him with a better education in 1779 Napoleon was enrolled in a religious school in Autun, located in the mainland of France. Later that year Napoleon was admitted to a military academy at Brienne-le-Chateau. During his time at the military academy Napoleon still spoke with a Corsican accent and he never learned to spell properly. This caused many of the kids to tease him and as a direct result the young Napoleon turned to studying and becoming the best student he could be. This willingness to be a good student caused an observer to comment that Napoleon has always been distinguished for his application in mathematics. He is fairly well acquainted with history and geography This boy would make an excellent sailor. Following the completion of his studies at Brienne in 1784 Napoleon was admitted to the elite Ecole Militaire, in Paris. This quickly brought an end to his naval ambitions, which had led to his consideration of joining the British Royal Navy. With his change in direction in life, Napoleon trained to become an artillery officer, and following his father’s death, and his loss of finance, Napoleon was forced to complete a two year course in just one year. Following the completion of his artillery officer training and his graduation from the elite military school, Napoleon was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the La Fere artillery regiment. Once he was commissioned as a lieutenant, Bonaparte served on garrison duty in Valence, Drome, and Auxonne, until after the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789. At the same time though Napoleon took nearly two years of leave in Corsica and Paris. Following the outbreak of the French Revolution and his departure from his position as lieutenant, Bonaparte became somewhat of a Corsican nationalist and wrote the Corsican leader in 1789. Napoleon stated, As the nation was perishing I was born. Thirty thousand Frenchmen were vomited on to our shores, drowning the throne of liberty in waves of blood. Such was the odious sight which was the first to strike me. The early parts of the French Revolution, and the Revolution in Corsica, Napoleon spent his time fighting a complex struggle, between revolutionaries, Corsican nationalists, and royalists. Bonaparte took the side of the Jacobin faction of revolutionaries and was able to gain the rank of Lieutenant Colonel and command a group of volunteer fighters. After exceeding his leave of absence from the French army and leading a riot against a French Army in Corsica, Bonaparte was able to convince French military authorities in Paris to promote him to Captain in 1792. With his newly gained leadership role Napoleon returned to Corsica where he came into conflict with the Corsican leader, Paoli, who had decided to split with France and sabotage a French assault on the Sardinian island of La Maddalena, where Bonaparte was one of the expedition leaders. This split with Paoli caused Napoleon and his family to flee the French mainland in June of 1793. In July 1793, Napoleon was able to publish a pro-republican pamphlet, titled and translated into Supper at BeaucaireII. This pamphlet gained him the admiration and support of Augustin Robespierre, who was the younger brother of the revolutionary leader Maximilien Robespierre. With the help of fellow Corsican Antoine Christophe Saliceti, Bonaparte was appointed artillery commander of the republican forces at the siege of Toulon. The city had risen against the republican government and was occupied by British troops. During the siege of Toulon Napoleon adopted a plan to capture a hill that would allow him and hi republican guns to dominate the city’s harbor and force the British ships to evacuate. Although Bonaparte was wounded during this small battle, he still came out victorious and was promoted to Brigadier General. His actions during the siege of Toulon also brought him to the attention of the Committee of Public Safety and he was given command of the artillery arm of Frances Army of Italy. Following his promotion Napoleon became engaged to Desiree Clary, whose sister, Julie Clary, married Bonapartes elder brother Joseph in 1794. The Clarys were a wealthy merchant family from Marseilles. Shortly after his engagement to Ms. Clary, the Robespierres fell in July of 1794. As a result Bonaparte was put under house arrest in August 1794 for his association with the brothers; however, he was released after only ten days, but he still remained out of favor. Due to his house arrest Bonaparte was assigned to the Army of the West, in 1795, as an infantry commander in the War in the Vendee. To him this was a demotion and to avoid this posting he pleaded poor health. He was moved to the Bureau of Topography of the Committee of Public Safety and sought, unsuccessfully, to be transferred to Constantinople in order to offer his services to the Sultan. Finally on Sept. 15 Bonaparte was removed from the list of generals in regular service, with the reason given being his refusal to serve in the Vendee campaign. He now faced a difficult financial situation and further reduced career prospects. On Oct. 3, royalists in Paris declared a rebellion against the National Convention after they were excluded from a new government. One of the leaders of the Thermidorian Reaction, Paul Barras, knew of Bonapartes military tactics at Toulon and gave him full command of the forces in the defense of the Convention in the Tuileries Palace. Bonaparte had witnessed the massacre of the Kings Swiss Guard there three years earlier and realized artillery would be the key to its defense. So Napoleon ordered a young cavalry officer, Joachim Murat, to seize large cannons and used them to repel the attackers in October of 1795. As a result 1,400 royalists died and the rest fled. He had cleared the streets with a whiff of grapeshot, according to the 19th-century historian Thomas Carlyle in The French Revolution: a History. Napoleon’s defeat of the Royalists helped the convention steer clear of any threats and shot Bonaparte into instant fame, wealth, and patronage. Once again Napoleon was promoted to Commander of the Interior and given command of the Army of Italy. After being promoted he broke off his engagement with Desiree Clary, and on March 9, 1795 he married Josephine de Beauharnais. With his just broken off engagement and then sudden wedding Bonaparte left Paris to take command of the Army of Italy and led them to the successful invasion of Italy. At the Battle of Lodi he defeated Austrian forces, and then drove them out of Lombardy. He was defeated at Caldiero by Austrian einforcements, led by Jozsef Alvinczi, though Bonaparte regained the initiative at the crucial Battle of the Bridge of Arcole and proceeded to subdue the Papal States. After going against the wishes of the Directory of invading Rome Napoleon, in March 1797, led his army into Austria and forced it to negotiate peace. Napoleon was able to create the Treaty of Leoben, which gave France control of most of northern Italy and the Low Countries and a secret clause promised th e Republic of Venice to Austria. Bonaparte marched on Venice and forced its surrender, ending 1,100  years of independence; he also authorized the French to loot treasures such as the Horses of Saint Mark. The reason for Napoleon becoming successful as a general and military leader was because of his use of conventional military tactics and his new and creative uses for them. He referred to his tactics thus: I have fought sixty battles and I have learned nothing which I did not know at the beginning. Look at Caesar; he fought the first like the last. At the same time of these â€Å"expeditions† Napoleon continued to increase his influence in French politics. His next hope for conquest of England but following a couple of months of planning, Napoleon realized that the French Navy was not up to par to compete and battle the British Royal Navy. So he set his sights on Egypt. He believed that by conquering Egypt he and the French government would be able to cut off and undermine Britain’s access to the t rade markets in India. Napoleon also hoped by conquering Egypt he and the French could gain allies that would help fight against the English. The Directory, though troubled by the scope and cost of the enterprise, agreed with Bonaparte’s plan so the popular general would be absent from the centre of power. Finally Napoleon and his forces began their quest and were able to create strong military placements in places such as Malta. After successful defeats in the Battle of Chobrakit, Napoleon gained and alliance with the Mamluks who would help them prepare for the Battle of the Pyramids. In the End, even though being heavily outnumbered Napoleon and his forces were able to defeat the Egyptians. After facing a couple of his own defeats and the loss of many of his men due to sickness, Napoleon found it best to retreat back to Egypt, but at the same time he was still able to defeat some the Ottoman’s attacks. While he was in Egypt, Napoleon was kept up to date with European affairs. During this time he learned France had suffered a series of defeats in the War of the Second Coalition. On Aug. 24, 1799, he took advantage of the temporary departure of British ships from French coastal ports and set sail for France, despite the fact he had received no explicit orders from Paris. Unknown to Bonaparte, the Directory had sent him orders to return to ward off possible invasions of French soil but poor lines of communication meant the messages had failed to reach him. By the time he reached Paris in October, Frances situation had been improved by a series of victories. The Republic was bankrupt, however, and the ineffective Directory was unpopular with the French population. The Directory discussed Bonapartes desertion but was too weak to punish him. After arriving and seeing the situation had improved, but people unhappy with the French Directory, Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes, a director, approached Napoleon about overthrowing the French government. With his ego already inflated Napoleon agreed to help with the coupe and in the end became one of the provisional Consuls of the government. Though Sieyes expected to dominate the new regime, he was outmaneuvered by Bonaparte, who drafted the Constitution of the Year VIII and secured his own election as First Consul. This made Bonaparte the most powerful person in France and he took up residence at the Tuileries. In 1801, after years of war the British and the French were tired of fighting. So as a result they signed the Treaty of Amiens. However neither country completely complied with everything agreed upon in the treaty. In the beginning of his rule Napoleon instituted many lasting reforms. These reforms included centralized administration off the government’s departments, higher education, a tax code, road and sewer systems a central bank for the country. In May 1802, he instituted the Legion dHonneur, a substitute for the old royalist decorations and orders of chivalry, to encourage civilian and military achievements; the order is still the highest decoration in France. Following his implementation of his reforms, Napoleons powers were increased by the Constitution of the Year X. Once he gained more power Napoleon also implemented his own set of civil codes, they would later become known as the Napoleonic Code. He hoped this would establish order within France and establish him as the absolute ruler. With his newly acquired power and political position, Napoleon began to face opposition from his rivals. Napoleon faced royalist and Jacobin plots as Frances ruler, including the Daggers conspiracy in October 1800 and the Plot of the Rue Saint-Nicaise two months later. With his enemies wanting him dead and Napoleon evading all such attempts, Bonaparte suggested re-creating a hereditary monarchy and naming himself as the emperor. Finally in December of 1804, after years of leading the French to many military victories, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself as the Emperor of France. After obtaining the full power of the French government and the people of France, Napoleon, heading into 1805, faced an uphill battle to continue to grow and build his empire. His first test came when Great Britain convinced Russia and Austria to join them in a Third Coalition to bring down France. This would be known as the War of the Third Coalition. Napoleon believed he would be able to lure the British Navy from the English Channel and invade England. However, Napoleon and his forces were unsuccessful in their attempt to invade England and realized this would most likely never be a realistic option. After realizing his failure, Napoleon decided to secretly march to Germany, also known as the Ulm Campaign, and would be a major turning point for the new French Empire. While he marched into Germany and was able to stop an Austrian attack, Napoleon and his army was defeated at the Battle of Trafalgar, which gave the British more control over the seas. Although they were defeated by the British Napoleon was able to keep his army strong and they came back and defeated the Austrians and the Russians at Austerlitz. Napoleon would go on to say, The battle of Austerlitz is the finest of all I have fought. With enemies mounting Napoleon realized he needed help to grow his empire, so he turned to Middle-Eastern powers. Beginning in 1803, Napoleon went to considerable lengths to try to convince the Ottoman Empire to fight against Russia in the Balkans and join his anti-Russian coalition. Napoleon sent General Horace Sebastiani as envoy extraordinary, promising to help the Ottoman Empire recover lost territories. In February 1806, following Napoleons victory at Austerlitz and the ensuing dismemberment of the Habsburg Empire, the Ottoman Emperor Selim III finally recognized Napoleon as Emperor, formally opting for an alliance with France our sincere and natural ally, and war with Russia and England. A Franco-Persian alliance was also formed between 1807 and 1809, but would later fall apart. Finally after receiving some help from Middle-Eastern powers Napoleon had to face the formation of the fourth Coalition in 1806. Napoleon defeated Prussia at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt in October of 1806. Napoleon marched on against advancing Russian armies through Poland, and was involved in the bloody stalemate of the Battle of Eylau on Feb. 6, 1807. Following these decisive victories Napoleon signed treaties with Tsar Alexander I of Russia, which divided Europe between the two powers, and Prussia, giving France nearly half of Prussia’s territory. In 1809 Napoleon faced yet another coalition after a brief alliance with Austria fell apart. This became known as the War of the Fifth Coalition, with Austria and Great Britain joining forces. Napoleon had to take command of French forces when they tried to overtake the Danube River, but Austria was able to defeat the Napoleon advance. However, Austria did not take advantage of their victory and Napoleon and his forces were able to regroup, and Napoleon defeated the Austrians again at Wagram and a new peace, the Treaty of Schonbrunn, was signed between Austria and France. While Austria was being defeated, Britain decided to attempt and opens another front in mainland Europe. Napoleon though, was able to rush reinforcements to Antwerp, owing to Britains inadequately organized Walcheren Campaign. With the War of the Fifth Coalition Napoleon and France were riding high, they had control of most of Europe and tensions with Russia were very good due to the peace they both observed. By 1811 though, those tensions hit a rocky road and the alliance the two Western powers shared began to deteriorate quickly. The first clear sign the alliance had deteriorated was the relaxation of the Continental System in Russia, which angered Napoleon. After talks of both countries invading one another, France began preparations on making those talks come to life. Finally on in June of 1812, against the advice of invading the large nation, Napoleon invaded Russia. Once he began his attack on Russia, Napoleon hoped to gain the support from Polish nationalists and patriots, but Napoleon did not come to the terms Poland had wanted; so Napoleon and his French empire was forced to face Russia on their own. For the most part of the French invasion, Russia was able to avoid direct battle, and each time they would move further into the heartland of Russia. Also Russia as they retreated further into their heartland, they would burn and destroy everything they left. This caused problems for France because they found it increasingly difficult to get food for them and their horses. Finally in September of 1812, Russia battled the French close to Moscow. This was known as the Battle of Borodino and resulted in approximately 44,000 Russian and 35,000 French, dead, wounded or captured, and may have been the bloodiest day of battle in history up to that point in time. Although the French appeared to have won the war, Napoleon realized he had a major problem on his hands, with the fact the Russians were not completely destroyed and ready to fight again. Napoleons own account was: The most terrible of all my battles was the one before Moscow. The French showed themselves to be worthy of victory, but the Russians showed themselves worthy of being invincible. Even with Napoleon worried with the resilience of the Russians Napoleon forged forward and the Russian forces retreated past Moscow. Now that Napoleon gained control of Moscow he ordered it to be burned, but with growing fears of him losing control back in France, Napoleon left Moscow with his army and returned to France. On his return to France, Napoleon and his forces took a break in fighting during the winter of 1812 and 1813, and he was able to rebuild his forces back up with a field of 350,000 troops. Although France and Napoleon were able to rebuild their army, countries including: Russia, Prussia, Portugal, Spain, Great Britain, Austria, and Sweden joined forces and created the Sixth Coalition. Napoleon took command of his forces in Germany and he was able to inflict a few defeats on the newly formed coalition, which culminated in the Battle of Dresden in August of 1813. Although Napoleon and France were successful, the numbers continued to mount against him, and his army was pinned down by a force twice its size and lost at the Battle of Leipzig. This was by far the largest battle of the Napoleonic Wars and cost more than 90,000 casualties in total. After these major defeats, Napoleon withdrew back into France, and his army was reduced to 70,000 soldiers and 40,000 stragglers, against more than three times as many Allied troops. The French were surrounded: the British army pressed from the south, and other Coalition forces positioned to attack France from the German states. Napoleon won a series of victories in the Six Days Campaign, though these were not significant enough to turn the tide and Paris was captured by the Coalition in March 1814. As a last resort Napoleon proposed the Army march on the Capital and take it back, but his marshals and generals had other ideas; their idea was to mutiny against one of the most powerful and successful leaders of all time. When he was confronted by his generals, Napoleon stated the army would follow him, but his generals replied back the army would follow its generals. The result of this rebellion was Napoleon abdicating his throne and his title as emperor. Although Napoleon tried to abdicate his throne to his son, the allies refused to allow this to happen on April 11, 1814, Napoleon was unconditionally abdicated. Napoleon, once abdicated, was exiled to Elba, a small Mediterranean Island off the coast of Tuscan. While there he retained the title of emperor and was given control of the island. In the first few months on Elba he created a small navy and army, developed the iron mines, and issued decrees on modern agricultural methods. With his wife in Austria and under their control, and with rumors of him being moved to a remote island in the Atlantic Ocean, Napoleon left Elba in February of 1815. Two days later he landed at Golfe-Juan on the French mainland. The French government learned of his whereabouts and sent a force to intercept him, but in their process of intercepting him, Napoleon gave them a chance to kill him; instead the force sent to retrieve him joined him. The soldiers followed him to Paris where Louis XVIII fled. In March of that same year, the powers at the Congress of Vienna declared Napoleon an outlaw and four days later Great Britain, the Netherlands, Russia, Austria and Prussia bound themselves to put 150,000 men into the field to end his rule. Once he was in Paris Napoleon governed for what would be known as, the Hundred Days. With his army growing he felt he could go on the offense; so he began attacking British and Prussian armies. In June of 1815 Napoleon took on allied forces in the Battle of Waterloo. The allied forces were able to withstand many repeated attacks by Napoleon and his forces, and after finally breaking through Napoleon’s army, coalition forces restored Louis XVIII as the leader of France. Off the port of Rochefort, Charente-Maritime, after consideration of an escape to the United States, Napoleon formally demanded political asylum from the British Captain Frederick Maitland on HMS  Bellerophon in July of 1815. Napoleon’s final attempt at gaining his throne back landed him on a tiny island in the Atlantic Ocean, called Saint Helena. During his time on the small island, Napoleon found it difficult to live. He faced many hardships while on Saint Helena and found it very frustrating. Many historians found that the conditions and treatments he was placed in and shown by those who sent him into exile were poor and degrading. Finally after nearly six years of being in exile on Saint Helena, Napoleon died. Napoleon fell ill in February of 1821, and his health deteriorated quickly. In two British physicians arrived on Saint Helena to attend to him where they where they saw all they could do for him was recommend palliatives. A couple of days after the physicians’ arrival, Napoleon Bonaparte died; after confession, Extreme Unction and Viaticum in the presence of Father Ange Vignali. In the end, Napoleon, has been known as the little guy with a big ego and attitude. While physically he did not look the part of a great ruler, he will forever be known as one of the greatest conquerors of World History. His success on the battlefield has been taught and will continue to be taught for many years to come. Napoleon was able to grow into one of the greatest emperors of all time and rule over one of the most powerful empires of all time.

Forget Familiarity. You Need An Outsider On Your Team

Forget Familiarity. You Need An Outsider On Your Team Readers dont like unfamiliarity, but unfamiliarity might actually help your team. The developers here at had been working for a while on the multi-scheduler, a highly requested feature. I hadnt been much involved in that feature like I had with some of the others. The UI design, the capabilities, how it worked–I only had a scant knowledge of what they were building. The multi-scheduler was finally launched, and I was excited to use it. This feature was going to make things much easier. I had my notebook out and prepared to jot down any questions or bugs I might find and started to use it. I set out to use it with a blog post, sharing the post on all of our social networks with this new feature. Any guesses on what happened? The Problem With Familiarity When you are too familiar with something, you dont see what is right in front of your eyes. Its easy for your mind to get set in a rut. When you are too familiar with something, you dont see problems right in front of your eyes.Familiarity is why it is more difficult to catch the errors or edits in your own writing (or code) than in the writing (or code) of others. Youve become used to–and normalized–the mistake by repeatedly creating or seeing it. It isnt a bad thing, I said later, after testing the new features, that Im not always heavily involved in the development. Its a question of familiarity. The more familiar you become with your product or service or website, the more unqualified you become to judge it objectively. That doesn’t  feel  true, but it is. Cliff Seal, Logos Creative InnoCentive is a site where people who need problems solved make them available for solvers. These are complex problems that range from medical to engineering. A study by researchers at the Harvard Business School revealed something interesting about the solutions that came through InnoCentive: not only did problems get solved (33% on time, even), but they tended to be solved by people operating on the fringe of their expertise. In other words, according to Sam McNerny on the blog Big Think, [i]f a biochemistry problem only attracted biochemists it tended to remain unsolved. But if the same problem was tackled by, say, a molecular biologist or an organic chemist the chances were greater that the problem would be solved. Outside thinking was vital. Why does familiarity trip you up? The non-expert speaks. Familiarity feels a lot like expertise. People who are the experts in their area on the team dont always like being disagreed with by someone who isnt an expert. Its hard, when you know that you know what you are doing, to be told by someone who seems wholly unconnected and unfamiliar that they dont agree with your decisions. You get indignant, defensive. You have all kinds of reasons why you are right.  How dare this outsider who has no understanding of context casually saunter by and say that doesnt work. Familiarity, on its own, is an expertise that is blinded. You dont want to kill your pets. People who are unfamiliar with a project dont have favorites in the project, while you, the creator, do. Killing your pet is tough. We especially dont like someone to come along and look at hours of work and say that doesnt make any sense. Problem is, our favorite parts of a project are often the one we are most familiar with and we have no objectivity about this pet in regards to whether it works or not. A fixation on that favorite thing can easily destroy a project. We feed just the one thing. Jack of all trades, master of nothing, or so the saying goes. Were a big fan of reading books here at , and often suggest books and resources that have helped us. The thing is, its easy to get in the habit of only reading a certain subject. If youre big into startups or entrepreneurship, it would be easy to continually read books or blogs solely about those topics. Are you so familiar with one topic, one area of expertise, that youre missing out on the possible connections you could be making between it and other topics? Expertise Is Still Valuable So should we shun being an expert and hope ignorance and luck will bring about creative breakthroughs? Geoffrey Colvin, in his book Talent is Overrated: What Really Separates World-Class Performers from Everybody Else, discussed a study by Dean Keith Simonton, professor from the University of California at Davis. In his study, Simonton looked at more than 300 creative high achievers who were born between 1450 1850.  Were talking da Vinci, Beethoven–heavy hitters, in other words. He then measured their noteworthiness by how much space was devoted to them in a variety of reference works. What did Simonton find out? Plotted on a graph, the most noteworthy creators had knowledge, education, and training, but not excessive. There was a peak in the middle. It might have looked a bit like this: Does this mean youd be more creative if you knew less? Not exactly. According to Colvin, the most noteworthy creative people are those how have immersed themselves utterly in their chosen field, have devoted their lives to it, amassed tremendous knowledge of it, and continually pushed themselves to the front of it. Expertise is still a valuable component; you need experts. You need an understanding. You need the skills and the knowledge. You need that  10,000 hours of work. To be creative (and productively creative), you need a high level of skill, practice and knowledge. These are the foundations you need to even begin to approach the problems that need solving. Innovation occurs at the boundary of disciplines, but you’ll never hear about a novelist winning a Nobel Prize in physics.   @SamMcNerney Someone has to be an expert. And someone has to be able to approach a project as an outsider. If you can honestly assume the role of outsider on your own project, great. If not, youll have to find someone to do that for you. Keep in mind that the outsider may be an expert, too, but unfamiliar with your particular project. Think back to my example at the beginning: I could be considered an expert on , but the specific project was new to me. Introduce Unfamiliarity To Your Project How do you introduce the power of unfamiliarity to your project? 1. Stockpile Newbies Not everyone in your team has to be involved deeply in everything.  There is value in keeping a newbie on hand to test a product or read a blog post for the first time. If you are having a heavy planning meeting, dont bring in everyone. Bring in only the ones that need to be there. Save some of your team to be the fresh eyes that you bring in once in a while to give that unbiased outsider opinion. 2. Be Less Stubborn Consider the opinion of someone who doesnt have the expertise you have. Really consider it. Are you unwilling to listen because you cant get past your belief in your own knowledge? Are you letting arbitrary preferences or principles stand in the way?

Mastering Cognitive Psychology to Become a Good HR Manager Personal Statement

Mastering Cognitive Psychology to Become a Good HR Manager - Personal Statement Example I am particularly interested in cognitive psychology since it gives insight into the nature of thought which involves cognition, mental processes, and the underlying behavior. After graduation, I hope to apply the knowledge and skill I have acquired from psychology in a business organization’s human resource department. It is my goal to develop a compensation package which will motivate employees to work with their full potential. I must also add that in aside from my interest in psychology, I am also very passionate in creative writing. Thus, I hope to take minor courses in English in order to enhance my writing skills. It is my greatest dream to write my own book where I can apply my knowledge and skill from both disciplines. I believe that an effective writer should not only be able to tell a good story but let the readers explore the human psyche through the thoughts and emotions of the characters. Through the years, the situations and challenges that I face have given me the chance to grow and develop as an individual. As a working student, I have been instilled with the great sense of responsibility and commitment both for my studies and my job. My part-time job in BCC’s cafeteria for two years has trained me to work with a diverse workforce, deal with customers especially with the irate ones, and value time management. This experience has exposed to the challenges of dealing with stress and pressure. Being an Indonesian, my stay here at the US has enhanced my flexibility as an individual. It enabled me to observe and adapt to the different culture in this society, made me more open-minded, widened my social circle, and furthered my skills and competency in the English language.